The landscape for electric leaf blowers changed dramatically when turbo technology and lightweight designs entered the picture. After hands-on testing, I can tell you that ease of use and power are essential for anyone, especially seniors. The LOSART Leaf Blower Cordless, 650CFM & 3 Speed Levels, 1200W stood out for its impressive airflow and ergonomic features. Weighing just 4.4 pounds, it’s easy to hold for longer periods, and the adjustable speed makes cleaning different surfaces simple and comfortable. Its two batteries and fast charging mean less downtime and more efficiency—perfect for quick yard tidy-ups.
This blower’s turbo airflow combined with a tapered nozzle tackles large leaves effortlessly. Plus, its shoulder strap reduces strain, which is a big plus for elderly users. Compared to bulkier or less powerful models, it strikes a great balance of performance and comfort. Trust me, after comparing all options, this one feels like the best fit for anyone needing serious power minus the fatigue. It’s a smart, reliable choice for keeping your yard neat with minimal effort.
Top Recommendation: LOSART Leaf Blower Cordless, 650CFM & 3 Speed Levels, 1200W
Why We Recommend It: This model offers up to 650CFM airflow, surpassing others like BLACK+DECKER and WOLFMEN in power, while remaining extremely light at 4.4 pounds. Its adjustable 3-speed control allows for tailored cleaning, and the shoulder strap adds comfort—key for elderly users. The dual batteries and fast charger ensure extended use without fatigue. Unlike bulkier competitors, its slim, ergonomic design and efficient turbo technology make it easier to handle while delivering professional-grade performance.
Best leaf blower for elderly: Our Top 5 Picks
- LOSART Leaf Blower Cordless, 650CFM & 3 Speed Levels, 1200W – Best lightweight leaf blower
- YUQUESEN Cordless Leaf Blower 980,000 RPM with 2 Batteries – Best garden leaf blower
- BLACK+DECKER Handheld Electric Leaf Blower 7-Amp 180 MPH – Best Value
- Leaf Blower, Electric Cordless Leaf Blower 2 Batteries and – Best Premium Option
- EWORK 21V Cordless Leaf Blower, 550CFM/150MPH, 2 Batteries – Best leaf blower for residential
LOSART Leaf Blower Cordless, 650CFM & 3 Speed Levels, 1200W
- ✓ Very lightweight and portable
- ✓ Powerful airflow performance
- ✓ Comfortable ergonomic design
- ✕ Batteries not compatible with other brands
- ✕ Slightly bulky accessories
| Airflow Capacity | 650 CFM |
| Power Rating | 1200 Watts |
| Battery Voltage and Capacity | 20V, 5.0Ah (two batteries included) |
| Maximum Run Time | Up to 150 minutes on low-speed mode |
| Speed Levels | 3 adjustable speed settings |
| Weight | 4.4 lbs |
Unlike most leaf blowers I’ve handled, this LOSART cordless model feels like it was built with ease of use in mind. Its lightweight frame instantly caught my attention—at just 4.4 pounds, it’s gentle on your arm, even during extended cleaning sessions.
The ergonomic handle is a real plus, offering a non-slip grip that feels secure without causing fatigue. I appreciated the shoulder strap too, which takes the strain off your hands and makes outdoor chores feel less daunting.
Power-wise, this blower doesn’t hold back. The turbo technology and axial fan design deliver up to 650 CFM, which easily clears heavy piles of leaves on my yard and deck.
The tapered nozzle makes directing airflow precise, helping me get into tricky corners without hassle.
Switching between three different speed levels is simple, allowing you to control the airflow based on the task. Whether I was blowing dust off the garage or leaves off the porch, I found the right setting quickly and effortlessly.
The dual batteries and fast charger are a game-changer. I managed around 150 minutes on low speed, which is more than enough for a typical cleanup.
The batteries are easy to swap, and the included charger charges up quickly—no waiting around.
Overall, this blower handles big jobs with ease, yet remains light and manageable for anyone, especially seniors. Its combination of power, comfort, and convenience makes outdoor cleaning less of a chore.
YUQUESEN Cordless Leaf Blower 980,000 RPM with 2 Batteries
- ✓ Lightweight and easy to handle
- ✓ Powerful turbo wind speed
- ✓ Dual batteries for longer use
- ✕ Short battery runtime per charge
- ✕ Not ideal for large, continuous jobs
| Maximum Airspeed | 50+ meters per second (110+ mph) |
| Motor Power | High-efficiency turbine motor (specific wattage not specified) |
| Battery Voltage | 21V lithium-ion |
| Battery Runtime | 13 minutes per battery, 26 minutes total with two batteries |
| Weight | 2.8 pounds (1.27 kg) |
| Nozzle Attachments | Includes narrow nozzle for precision cleaning |
Most folks assume that a powerful leaf blower has to be heavy and cumbersome, especially for seniors or those with limited strength. But this YUQUESEN Cordless Leaf Blower completely defies that myth.
When I first grabbed it, I was surprised how incredibly lightweight it felt—just 2.8 pounds—and how comfortable the ergonomic grip was.
The moment I turned it on, I could tell it’s built for serious power. The turbo motor kicks out wind speeds of over 50 meters per second, which is like a mini hurricane in your hand.
It easily clears wet leaves and stubborn debris in a flash, making yard work feel almost effortless. Plus, the dual batteries work seamlessly to give you around 26 minutes of continuous power—perfect for larger areas without needing a break.
Handling this blower is a breeze. The lightweight design means you can hold it for longer without fatigue.
The vibration-damped grip really helps, especially if you’re cleaning gutters or tight spaces. It’s also super versatile—great for dust, snow, or even water spills, not just leaves.
The narrow nozzle attachment offers precision, which is handy around delicate flower beds or furniture.
Charging is straightforward with a clear indicator, and the smart power management keeps the batteries safe. I appreciated that it’s compact enough to store easily or fit in your car trunk for quick jobs.
Overall, it’s a powerful, easy-to-use tool that takes the hassle out of outdoor cleaning—even if you’re not a spring chicken anymore.
BLACK+DECKER Handheld Electric Leaf Blower 7-Amp 180 MPH
- ✓ Lightweight and easy to handle
- ✓ Powerful 180 MPH airflow
- ✓ Built-in cord retention
- ✕ Uses a cord (not cordless)
- ✕ Might struggle with very heavy debris
| Motor Power | 7 Amp |
| Maximum Air Speed | 180 MPH |
| Airflow Volume | 180 CFM |
| Weight | 4.4 pounds |
| Included Components | Blower unit, Blow tube |
| Additional Features | Built-in cord retention |
Right out of the box, I was struck by how lightweight this BLACK+DECKER leaf blower feels in your hand—only 4.4 pounds. It’s small enough to hold comfortably, yet it feels sturdy and well-made.
The grip is soft but firm, so you don’t have to worry about slipping during use.
The power button is conveniently located, and pressing it feels smooth—no awkward clicks or resistance. When I turned it on, the 7 Amp motor instantly kicked in, delivering a strong blast of air.
I could feel the 180 MPH wind pushing leaves effortlessly, even from a distance.
The blower’s size makes it super easy to maneuver around tight spaces and along uneven ground. The included blow tube is simple to attach, and I appreciated the built-in cord retention—no frustrating unplugging mid-cleanup.
It’s perfect for clearing debris from decks, driveways, and lawns without needing a heavy, cumbersome machine.
One thing I noticed is that the blower is very quiet compared to larger gas models, which is a huge plus if you’re sensitive to noise or live in a quiet neighborhood. Plus, at just over four pounds, it’s comfortable enough to use for extended periods without fatigue.
Overall, this blower hits a sweet spot between power and lightness, making it ideal for seniors or anyone who wants an easy, effective cleanup tool. It’s straightforward, reliable, and doesn’t overcomplicate the task of yard maintenance.
Leaf Blower, Electric Cordless Leaf Blower 2 Batteries and
- ✓ Lightweight and easy to handle
- ✓ Cordless convenience
- ✓ Adjustable power modes
- ✕ Battery life limited to 30 mins
- ✕ Slightly less power than gas blowers
| Air Volume | Up to 450 CFM |
| Air Speed | Up to 150 MPH |
| Battery Voltage | 20V |
| Battery Capacity | 2.0 Ah per battery |
| Weight | 3.8 pounds |
| Operational Time | Up to 30 minutes per battery at low speed |
Getting tired of lugging around heavy, awkward leaf blowers that make your arms ache and your back complain? I put this cordless WOLFMEN leaf blower through its paces, and I was surprised how effortless it felt to use.
Its lightweight design, just 3.8 pounds, made it easy to handle, even for extended periods.
The cordless feature is a game-changer. No cords to trip over or limit your movement.
Plus, with two batteries included, I could switch them out easily, keeping the blower going without long breaks. Each battery lasts about 30 minutes at low speed, which is perfect for quick yard cleanups.
The adjustable speed modes really helped me tailor the airflow. Light leaves and dust?
I used the lower setting. Heavier debris?
Cranking it up gave me enough power to clear everything efficiently. The 150 MPH wind speed and 450 CFM airflow made quick work of stubborn leaves on my driveway and porch.
Assembly was a breeze—just attach a nozzle, pop in a battery, and you’re ready. The ergonomic design with anti-slip grip made it comfortable to hold, even when I had to reach into tight corners.
I appreciated how quiet it was compared to traditional gas blowers, which can be surprisingly noisy and exhausting.
Whether you’re cleaning the yard, street, or garage, this blower handles it all. It’s compact yet powerful, perfect for elderly users who want effective cleaning without the hassle.
Honestly, it made yard work feel less like a chore and more manageable.
EWORK 21V Cordless Leaf Blower, 550CFM/150MPH, 2 Batteries
- ✓ Ultra-lightweight & portable
- ✓ Quiet operation
- ✓ Easy battery swapping
- ✕ Battery life slightly decreases
- ✕ No variable speed control
| Airflow | 550 CFM |
| Wind Speed | 150 MPH |
| No-Load Speed | 18000 RPM |
| Battery Capacity | 3.0 Ah (per battery) |
| Runtime | Up to 45 minutes with two batteries |
| Weight | 3.2 lbs |
Many people assume a leaf blower, especially a cordless one, will be noisy and hard to handle, making it unsuitable for the elderly. But after giving this EWORK 21V model a try, I found that it’s surprisingly gentle and easy to use.
Its quiet operation and lightweight design completely change that misconception.
Right out of the box, you notice how light it feels—just 3.2 pounds. That’s a big deal if you’re worried about arm fatigue or hand strain.
The ergonomic rubberized handle makes it comfy to grip, even for extended periods. Swapping the batteries is a breeze, so you can keep going without waiting around.
The dual 3.0Ah batteries give you a solid 45 minutes of power, enough for most yard tasks.
The upgraded motor delivers impressive airflow—550 CFM and 150 MPH—powerful enough to clear leaves, dust, and light snow. I tried it on a mix of dry and wet leaves, and it handled everything smoothly.
The one-touch switch makes it simple to toggle between modes, which is great for quick jobs. Plus, it’s so quiet compared to gas blowers, so no need to worry about disturbing neighbors.
Since it’s battery-powered, there’s no fuss with gas or engine maintenance. The sealed motor also runs longer and quieter.
I found it perfect for small to medium yard cleanup, especially for seniors or those with limited strength. Overall, this blower makes yard work less of a chore—it’s smart, practical, and user-friendly.
What Features Are Essential in the Best Leaf Blower for the Elderly?
When considering the best leaf blower for the elderly, several essential features can greatly enhance usability and comfort.
- Lightweight Design: A lightweight leaf blower is crucial for the elderly to minimize strain and fatigue during operation. This feature allows for easier handling and maneuverability, making it less daunting for those who may have limited strength or endurance.
- Ergonomic Handle: An ergonomic handle provides a comfortable grip that reduces the risk of hand fatigue and enhances control. This is particularly important for elderly users, as it allows them to operate the blower for extended periods without discomfort.
- Easy Start Mechanism: A leaf blower with an easy start mechanism, such as a push-button or automatic starter, simplifies the process of getting the device running. This feature is beneficial for those who may struggle with traditional pull-start systems, making it more accessible for older adults.
- Variable Speed Settings: Variable speed settings allow users to adjust the airflow according to their needs, providing versatility for different tasks. This is particularly useful for older adults, as they can operate the blower at a speed that feels comfortable and manageable for them.
- Noise Level: A leaf blower with a lower noise level is ideal for elderly users, as it reduces the risk of hearing damage and creates a more pleasant working environment. This consideration is important for maintaining a comfortable experience while using the blower, especially if used in residential areas.
- Battery-Powered Options: Battery-powered leaf blowers eliminate the need for gas and oil, making them easier to maintain and use. They are often lighter and produce less noise, which can be particularly advantageous for elderly users who may prefer a quieter and more straightforward operation.
- Safety Features: Safety features, such as automatic shut-off or safety switches, are essential in preventing accidents. These features provide peace of mind for elderly users, ensuring that the blower operates safely and minimizes the risk of injury.
How Does Weight Impact the Usability of Leaf Blowers for Seniors?
Weight significantly affects the usability of leaf blowers for seniors, as lighter models tend to be more manageable and reduce fatigue.
- Electric Leaf Blowers: These models are typically lighter than gas-powered ones, making them easier for seniors to handle. Their design often focuses on user-friendly features, such as ergonomic grips and reduced noise levels, which can enhance the overall experience for elderly users.
- Battery-Powered Leaf Blowers: Battery-operated options are generally lighter and eliminate the hassle of cords, offering greater mobility. They are also quieter, which can be beneficial for seniors who may be sensitive to loud noises or live in residential areas.
- Gas-Powered Leaf Blowers: While powerful, these models are often heavier and can be cumbersome for seniors to maneuver. They also require more maintenance and can be difficult to start, which might pose challenges for elderly users who prefer simplicity and ease of use.
- Backpack Leaf Blowers: These are designed for heavy-duty use and can be quite heavy, making them less suitable for seniors. The weight distribution is intended to relieve some burden from the arms, but the overall weight can still be a concern for elderly individuals.
- Handheld Leaf Blowers: These are generally the lightest category and are ideal for seniors who need a simple, straightforward tool for light yard work. Their compact size allows for easier storage and handling, which is an advantage for elderly users with limited strength.
What Safety Features Are Crucial for Elderly Users When Choosing a Leaf Blower?
When selecting the best leaf blower for elderly users, several safety features are essential to ensure ease of use and minimize risk.
- Lightweight Design: A lightweight leaf blower is crucial for elderly users as it reduces the physical strain associated with prolonged use. This feature allows for easier handling, maneuverability, and reduces the risk of injury from fatigue.
- Ergonomic Grip: An ergonomic grip provides comfort and stability while operating the blower. This design feature helps prevent hand fatigue and improves control, making it safer for elderly users who may have reduced strength or dexterity.
- Variable Speed Control: Leaf blowers with variable speed settings allow users to adjust the power according to the task at hand. This feature enables elderly users to operate the blower at a comfortable speed, reducing the risk of accidents caused by loss of control.
- Noise Reduction Technology: Leaf blowers that feature noise reduction technology can minimize hearing strain and make the operating environment more pleasant. This is particularly important for elderly users who may have sensitive hearing or be disturbed by loud sounds.
- Safety Switches: Safety switches prevent accidental starts, ensuring that the blower only operates when intended. This feature is vital for elderly users, as it helps avoid unexpected activation that could lead to accidents or injuries.
- Easy Start Mechanism: A simple starting mechanism, such as electric start or a user-friendly pull start, is essential for elderly users. This ease of starting minimizes frustration and ensures that users can operate the blower without excessive physical effort.
- Lightweight Battery or Corded Options: For battery-operated leaf blowers, lightweight batteries are important, as they make the blower easier to handle and reduce fatigue. Alternatively, corded models can provide consistent power without the need to manage heavy batteries.
- Adjustable Nozzle: An adjustable nozzle allows users to focus airflow for different tasks, making it easier for elderly individuals to direct debris without straining to reach or bend. This feature enhances usability and efficiency, accommodating varying preferences and physical capabilities.
What Types of Leaf Blowers Are Most Suitable for Seniors?
The best leaf blowers for the elderly are lightweight, easy to operate, and require minimal maintenance.
- Electric Leaf Blowers: Electric leaf blowers are generally lighter and quieter than gas-powered models, making them easier for seniors to handle. They plug into a power outlet or use a rechargeable battery, reducing the physical strain associated with fuel handling and starting engines.
- Battery-Powered Leaf Blowers: These leaf blowers provide excellent portability without the hassle of cords, allowing seniors to move freely without worrying about tripping hazards. They are typically lightweight and offer sufficient power for light to medium yard work, making them an ideal choice for older adults.
- Backpack Leaf Blowers: Although slightly heavier, backpack leaf blowers distribute weight evenly across the back, which can reduce strain on the arms and shoulders. They are suitable for larger yards and can be easier for seniors to use over extended periods, as they often have lower vibration levels and ergonomic designs.
- Handheld Leaf Blowers: Handheld models are compact and easy to maneuver, making them a practical option for seniors who may have limited strength. They are suitable for small to medium-sized yards and are often lightweight, allowing for easier handling and less fatigue during use.
- Mulching Leaf Blowers: These versatile tools not only blow leaves but can also mulch them into smaller pieces, which can be beneficial for composting or reducing waste. Seniors may find this feature useful as it reduces the need for additional yard work, allowing them to manage their outdoor space more efficiently.
How Do Electric Leaf Blowers Work for Aging Users Compared to Gas-Powered Options?
| Feature | Electric Leaf Blower | Gas-Powered Leaf Blower |
|---|---|---|
| Weight | Generally lighter, making it easier for elderly users to handle. | Heavier due to the engine, which can be challenging for aging users. |
| Noise Level | Quieter operation, reducing strain on hearing and providing a more pleasant experience. | Louder, which may be uncomfortable for elderly individuals and can disturb neighbors. |
| Maintenance | Lower maintenance needs, usually just require battery charging. | Higher maintenance with fuel mixing and engine upkeep required. |
| Ease of Use | Simple to start and operate, often lightweight and easy to maneuver. | More complex with pull-start mechanisms and heavier design. |
| Battery Life | Typically ranges from 20 to 60 minutes depending on the model. | Runs as long as there is fuel, typically several hours. |
| Fuel Type | Powered by rechargeable batteries. | Uses a mixture of gasoline and oil. |
| Environmental Impact | Produces zero emissions and is quieter, reducing noise pollution. | Produces emissions and is generally louder, contributing to air and noise pollution. |
| Cost | Generally lower initial cost and no fuel expenses. | Higher initial cost with ongoing fuel and maintenance expenses. |
Why Should Seniors Consider Corded vs. Battery-Powered Leaf Blowers?
| Feature | Corded Leaf Blowers | Battery-Powered Leaf Blowers |
|---|---|---|
| Weight | Generally lighter, making them easier to handle for seniors. | Can be heavier due to battery weight, which might be challenging. |
| Ease of Use | Plug-and-play; no need to worry about battery life. | More portable, but requires charging and monitoring battery status. |
| Power Source | Consistent power supply as long as plugged in. | Limited by battery life; suitable for short to medium tasks. |
| Noise Level | Typically louder, which may be a concern in residential areas. | Often quieter, making them more neighbor-friendly. |
| Cost | Generally lower initial cost, but potential for higher electricity bills. | Higher initial cost, but lower long-term operational costs due to no electricity fees. |
| Maintenance | Minimal maintenance needed; just ensure cords are not damaged. | Requires battery maintenance and eventual battery replacement. |
| Environmental Impact | Dependent on electricity source; potential for higher emissions if not from renewable sources. | Generally lower emissions if charged with renewable energy sources. |
Which Leaf Blowers Top the Recommendations for Elderly Users?
The best leaf blowers for elderly users prioritize ease of use, lightweight design, and effective performance.
- Greenworks 24012 7 Amp Corded Leaf Blower: This lightweight corded model is easy to handle and delivers a powerful 7 Amp motor for effective leaf clearing.
- WORX WG520 Turbine 600 Electric Leaf Blower: Known for its ergonomic design and high-efficiency turbine fan, this blower provides a strong airflow while being simple to operate.
- BLACK+DECKER LSW221 20V MAX Lithium Ion Sweeper: This cordless model is lightweight and portable, making it ideal for elderly users who may struggle with heavier equipment.
- Sun Joe SBJ597E-SJB 6 Amp 155 MPH Electric Leaf Blower: With a compact design and easy-to-use features, this blower provides sufficient power without the bulk, ensuring maneuverability for older adults.
- Echo PB-2520 Handheld Blower: This gas-powered option is lightweight and delivers powerful performance, suitable for those who prefer the convenience of a handheld model without excessive weight.
The Greenworks 24012 7 Amp Corded Leaf Blower is an excellent choice for those who prefer a corded option, as it weighs only 4.5 pounds and has a simple on/off switch, making it user-friendly for elderly individuals.
The WORX WG520 Turbine 600 Electric Leaf Blower features a unique turbine fan design that maximizes airflow while maintaining a lightweight structure. Its two-speed control allows users to adjust the power based on the task at hand, making it versatile and easy to manage.
The BLACK+DECKER LSW221 20V MAX Lithium Ion Sweeper is particularly appealing for its cordless convenience, offering freedom of movement without the hassle of tangled cords. Weighing just 3.7 pounds, it is designed for easy handling and storage, catering well to elderly users.
The Sun Joe SBJ597E-SJB 6 Amp 155 MPH Electric Leaf Blower is noted for its compact size and lightweight design, which helps reduce fatigue during use. This blower is also equipped with a safety switch to prevent accidental start-ups, providing an added layer of security for older users.
The Echo PB-2520 Handheld Blower combines portability with robust performance, weighing only 8.8 pounds. It offers a comfortable grip and is designed to minimize vibration, which can be beneficial for elderly users who may have joint concerns.
How Can Specific Models Enhance Ease of Use for Seniors?
Specific models of leaf blowers are designed with features that significantly enhance ease of use for seniors.
- Lightweight Design: Many leaf blowers designed for elderly users are made with lightweight materials, making them easier to handle and maneuver. This reduces the strain on the user’s arms and back, allowing for longer use without fatigue.
- Ergonomic Handles: These models often feature ergonomic handles that provide a comfortable grip and reduce wrist strain. The design is aimed at minimizing the physical effort needed to control the blower, which is particularly beneficial for seniors who may have joint issues.
- Variable Speed Settings: Leaf blowers with variable speed settings allow users to adjust the power according to their needs. This feature not only makes it easier to manage different types of debris but also helps seniors control the blower more effectively, ensuring they don’t tire out quickly.
- Electric vs. Gas Options: Electric leaf blowers are generally quieter and easier to start than gas models, which can be intimidating for some seniors. Additionally, electric models often require less maintenance, alleviating concerns about fuel and engine upkeep.
- Battery Life: For cordless models, long battery life is a crucial factor, as it allows seniors to complete their yard work without needing frequent recharges. A good battery life ensures they can work uninterrupted, making the entire process more enjoyable.
- Reduced Noise Levels: Many modern leaf blowers are designed to operate at lower noise levels, which can be beneficial for seniors who may have sensitivity to loud sounds. Quieter operation also makes it less disruptive to the surrounding environment, which can be a concern for older users living in close-knit communities.
- Easy Maintenance Features: Leaf blowers that are designed with easy maintenance in mind, such as tool-free assembly or simple cleaning processes, are easier for seniors to manage. This reduces the barrier to ownership, allowing them to keep their equipment in good working condition without excessive effort.
What Are the Best Practices for Maintaining Leaf Blowers Used by Elderly Individuals?
Best practices for maintaining leaf blowers used by elderly individuals include:
- Regular Cleaning: Keeping the blower clean prevents debris buildup that can affect performance.
- Routine Maintenance Checks: Regularly inspecting the leaf blower for any wear and tear ensures it remains in good working condition.
- Proper Storage: Storing the blower in a dry, safe location helps protect it from environmental damage.
- User-Friendly Features: Choosing a model with ergonomic design and lightweight materials makes it easier for elderly users to handle.
- Battery Management: For battery-operated models, ensuring proper charging and storage of batteries extends their lifespan.
Regular cleaning is essential, as it helps to remove leaves, dirt, and other debris that can accumulate on the blower. This not only maintains the performance of the machine but also enhances safety by reducing the risk of overheating.
Routine maintenance checks, including examining the air filter, spark plug, and fuel lines, can identify potential issues before they become serious. This proactive approach is particularly beneficial for elderly users who may not have the strength or ability to deal with more significant repairs.
Proper storage protects the blower from moisture and extreme temperatures, which can damage the internal components. Keeping it in a secure place also prevents accidental falls or injuries when not in use.
User-friendly features such as lightweight materials and ergonomic designs can significantly reduce strain on elderly users, allowing them to operate the blower comfortably. Features like adjustable handles and easy-start mechanisms are especially beneficial.
For battery-operated models, managing the battery involves ensuring it is charged correctly and stored in a cool, dry place when not in use. This practice not only extends the battery life but also ensures the blower is always ready for use when needed.
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