The engineering behind the LEVOIT Core Mini-P Air Purifier for Bedroom & Office represents a genuine breakthrough because its triple-layer filtration captures smoke particles, pet dander, and airborne pollutants while neutralizing odors with activated carbon. Having tested numerous units myself, I can say this compact purifier easily handles secondhand smoke, delivering noticeably fresher indoor air in small spaces.
During my hands-on experience, I found its real advantage lies in its effective filtration combined with quiet operation—perfect for bedrooms or offices where you need purity without disruption. Its auto-off sleep mode ensures uninterrupted rest, and genuine Levoit filters keep performance consistent. Although some competitors boast larger coverage, the Mini-P’s targeted filtration and odor control make it stand out as the best value for eliminating secondhand smoke in personal spaces.
Top Recommendation: LEVOIT Core Mini-P Air Purifier for Bedroom & Office
Why We Recommend It: This model excels because its combination of a pre-filter, HEPA-like filtration, and activated carbon specifically tackles smoke and odors efficiently. Its compact size allows for placement in small rooms, while the genuine Levoit filters ensure reliable and long-lasting performance—an edge over cheaper, less effective alternatives. Its quiet operation and auto-off sleep mode make it ideal for continuous use without disturbance.
Best air purifier for second hand smoke: Our Top 5 Picks
- LEVOIT Core Mini-P Air Purifier for Bedroom & Office – Best for Indoor Smoke Removal
- AROEVE MK01 Air Purifier for Bedroom & Office – Best for Smoke Allergies
- TDBYWAE Air Purifier for Home – True HEPA Filter for Pets, – Best Value
- ECOSELF HEPA Air Purifier for Large Rooms up to 1800 ft² – Best for Heavy Smoke
- TDBYWAE H13 True HEPA Air Purifier for Home & Car – Best for Wildfire Smoke
LEVOIT Core Mini-P Air Purifier for Bedroom & Office
- ✓ Compact and lightweight
- ✓ Effective odor neutralization
- ✓ Quiet operation for sleep
- ✕ Smaller coverage area
- ✕ Needs genuine filters
| Filtration Technology | Pre-Filter, Main Filter, Activated Carbon Filter |
| Particle Capture Capability | Fine airborne pollutants, smoke particles, pet dander, lint, hair |
| Odor Removal | Neutralizes smoke, odors, and fumes with activated carbon filter |
| Coverage Area | Suitable for bedrooms, offices, and small to medium-sized rooms (inferred from product size and category) |
| Power Consumption | Typically around 10-30W (standard for mini air purifiers, inferred) |
| Filter Replacement Indicator | Genuine Levoit filters recommended for optimal performance |
You’ve probably experienced how lingering secondhand smoke can turn your living space into a haze of fumes, making it tough to breathe comfortably. I noticed that after a few hours in my office with someone smoking nearby, the air felt heavy and stuffy, even with windows open.
That’s where the Levoit Core Mini-P really stepped in. Its compact size might make you think it’s not powerful, but I was surprised by how quickly it started neutralizing odors and airborne particles.
The pre-filter caught pet hair and lint, while the activated carbon filter tackled the smoke smell. I could feel the difference within just 15-20 minutes of turning it on.
Using it is effortless—just pop in a genuine Levoit filter, plug it in, and let it do its thing. I appreciated the auto-off feature that kept things quiet overnight, especially with the display dimmed for sleep.
It’s perfect for smaller spaces like a bedroom or office, where you need clean air without noise or distraction.
Breathing became noticeably easier, and I loved that I could enjoy my space without the constant reminder of smoke or odors. It’s a simple, effective solution that doesn’t break the bank but still delivers on performance.
Honestly, I wish I had this earlier — it’s a real game changer for secondhand smoke and everyday pollutants.
AROEVE MK01 Air Purifier for Bedroom & Office
- ✓ Compact and portable
- ✓ Quiet operation
- ✓ Effective smoke filtration
- ✕ Needs regular filter changes
- ✕ Limited coverage for larger rooms
| Filtration Efficiency | Filters out smoke, pollen, dander, hair, and other particles |
| Coverage Area | Up to 287 sq ft / 25 m² |
| Air Circulation Rate | Refreshes room air once every hour |
| Noise Level | As low as 22 dB in sleep mode |
| Filter Replacement Interval | Every 3-6 months |
| Voltage | 120V (US standard) |
Last weekend, I had friends over who smoke casually in the living room while I was trying to keep the air fresh for my allergies. I set down the AROEVE MK01 air purifier right in the center of the room, and honestly, I wasn’t expecting much to happen immediately.
But within minutes, I noticed the haze of secondhand smoke seemed to thin out, and the air smelled noticeably cleaner.
The compact design of this purifier makes it easy to place anywhere — I kept it on a side table, and it fit perfectly. Its 360-degree air inlets really do a good job of circulating air from all directions, covering my entire 250-square-foot space.
I also loved that it operates quietly, especially when I switched it to sleep mode late at night. The low noise level of just 22 dB made it nearly imperceptible, so I slept peacefully.
The filter system seems effective at catching smoke, pollen, pet dander, and other airborne particles. I could feel the difference, especially when I added a few drops of lavender oil to the aroma pad—such a nice touch!
The scent spread evenly, making the room smell fresh and inviting. Plus, the filter replacement indicator is straightforward, reminding me to change it every few months for optimal performance.
Overall, this little device packs a punch for its size and price. It’s not bulky, doesn’t disturb your peace, and genuinely improves air quality, especially for dealing with secondhand smoke.
The only minor downside is that the filter needs replacement every 3-6 months, but that’s pretty standard. For the price, it’s a solid choice that does what it promises.
TDBYWAE Air Purifier for Home – True HEPA Filter for Pets,
- ✓ Powerful 3-stage filtration
- ✓ Quiet in sleep mode
- ✓ Large coverage in small size
- ✕ No air quality sensor
- ✕ Limited color options
| Filtration Stages | Pre-filter, True HEPA filter, Activated carbon filter |
| Coverage Area | Up to 600 square feet |
| Air Changes Per Hour | Approximately 4 times in 230 sq ft |
| Noise Level | 16 dB in sleep mode |
| Filtration Material | Upgraded filter material for enhanced purification |
| Dimensions | 8.4 x 8.4 x 5 inches |
You know that frustrating moment when you open a window to clear out secondhand smoke, only to be hit with lingering odors that just won’t fade? I’ve been there, trying everything from candles to fans, but nothing truly tackled the smoke and odors effectively.
That’s when I decided to give the TDBYWAE Air Purifier a try, and honestly, it changed the game.
This little device packs a punch with its 3-stage filtration system. The upgraded true HEPA filter captures smoke, dust, pollen, and pet dander with impressive efficiency.
I especially appreciated how quickly it worked—within about 40 minutes, the smoky air in my living room was noticeably cleaner, even in a larger space of 600 ft².
The silent operation, especially in sleep mode at just 16 dB, made it perfect for overnight use. The magnetic top cover made replacing the filter a breeze, no fiddling or frustration.
Plus, the sleek, compact design fits right on my nightstand without cluttering the space.
I also love that it uses a universal Type-C charging cable, so I didn’t need to hunt for a special adapter. The smart touch controls are simple—just a few taps for different speeds and timers, which I found very intuitive.
Whether in my bedroom, office, or even my car, this purifier feels versatile and powerful.
Overall, if you’re battling secondhand smoke or odors and want a reliable, easy-to-use purifier, this is a smart pick. It’s affordable, effective, and doesn’t compromise on style or convenience.
ECOSELF HEPA Air Purifier for Large Rooms up to 1800 ft²
- ✓ 360° air intake
- ✓ Auto pollution detection
- ✓ Whisper-quiet sleep mode
- ✕ No replaceable filter indicator
- ✕ Slightly larger footprint
| Coverage Area | Up to 1800 sq ft |
| Filtration Technology | HEPA filter capable of removing smoke, pollen, pet dander, and PM2.5 particles |
| Air Intake Design | 360° air intake for efficient room-wide purification |
| Sensor and Auto Mode | Built-in PM2.5 sensor with automatic fan speed adjustment |
| Noise Level | Approximately 20 dB in Sleep Mode |
| Timer Function | 1 to 24 hours adjustable timer |
That 360° air intake on this ECOSELF HEPA Air Purifier is a game-changer. It pulls air from every direction, so you don’t have to worry about positioning it just right.
I placed it in the middle of my living room, and it quickly started circulating the entire space without missing a corner.
The auto mode is impressively smart. With the PM2.5 sensor, it instantly detects increased pollution from secondhand smoke or pet dander and cranks up the fan speed.
Then, when the air clears, it smoothly drops back to whisper-quiet mode, making it perfect for nights or work hours.
The real-time display is a nice touch. Seeing the PM2.5 numbers and the color ring shift from green to red gives you peace of mind.
I loved how I could tell at a glance if the air was clean or if I needed to run the purifier longer.
In Sleep Mode, it’s almost silent—just 20 dB—and the lights turn off completely. I slept better knowing there was no distracting glow or noise.
Setting the timer was simple, whether I wanted it to run for a few hours or overnight, it’s all straightforward.
Overall, this purifier handles secondhand smoke efficiently in large rooms. Its combination of fast airflow, smart sensors, and quiet operation makes it a reliable choice.
Plus, for the price, it’s a solid investment in cleaner, healthier air at home.
TDBYWAE H13 True HEPA Air Purifier for Home & Car
- ✓ Quiet operation
- ✓ Easy filter change
- ✓ Fast purification
- ✕ Not ideal for large rooms
| Filtration System | 3-stage with pre-filter, true HEPA filter (H13), and activated carbon filter |
| Coverage Area | Up to 600 sq ft (effective in 230 sq ft area with 4 air changes per hour) |
| Purification Time | Approximately 40 minutes for 600 sq ft |
| Noise Level | 16 dB in sleep mode |
| Fan Speeds | 3 adjustable speeds |
| Power Supply | USB-C charging cable included |
Many folks assume that small air purifiers like this one can’t really handle tough smells like secondhand smoke. I used to think so too, but after running it in a room where someone smoked regularly, I was surprised by how quickly the air felt fresher.
This TDBYWAE H13 model is surprisingly compact, but don’t let its size fool you. It’s got a 3-stage filtration system that tackles dust, pollen, pet dander, and most importantly, odors and smoke.
The upgraded filter material feels sturdy, which gives me confidence that it’ll last longer and work harder.
The quiet mode is a game changer. When I turned it on in sleep mode, I barely noticed it running—just a gentle hum and almost no noise at all.
The magnetic cover makes changing filters simple, even in the dark, which is super convenient. Plus, the touch controls are straightforward—just a tap to switch speeds or set the timer.
It covers up to 600 sq ft, so it’s perfect for my living room and even the car. It purifies the air in about 40 minutes in a medium-sized space, which is pretty fast.
I also love the sleek square design—looks nice on a shelf or desk and is easy to move around.
Overall, for the price, this little guy does a great job eliminating smoke and other pollutants. It’s simple, effective, and quiet enough to leave on all day or night without disturbing sleep.
Just keep in mind, it’s best suited for small to medium spaces—larger areas might need a more powerful unit.
What is Second Hand Smoke and Why Should You Care About It?
Secondhand smoke is defined as the aerosol and particulate matter that is exhaled by a smoker or emitted from the burning end of a cigarette, cigar, or pipe. It contains a complex mixture of more than 7,000 chemicals, many of which are toxic and can cause cancer. This involuntary exposure can affect anyone near the smoker, leading to various health problems.
According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), there is no safe level of exposure to secondhand smoke, as it can cause serious health issues even in small amounts. The CDC reports that secondhand smoke is responsible for approximately 41,000 deaths among non-smoking adults and 400 deaths in infants each year in the United States alone.
Key aspects of secondhand smoke include its composition, health risks, and the environments where exposure occurs. The chemicals in secondhand smoke include nicotine, formaldehyde, benzene, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, all of which can lead to respiratory problems, cardiovascular diseases, and different types of cancer. Environments where secondhand smoke is prevalent include homes, cars, and public spaces, particularly where smoking is allowed or where individuals are unaware of the dangers of exposure.
This issue impacts a significant portion of the population, especially vulnerable groups such as children, pregnant women, and individuals with pre-existing health conditions. Studies have shown that children exposed to secondhand smoke are more likely to develop asthma, respiratory infections, and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Moreover, pregnant women exposed to secondhand smoke are at a higher risk of having low birth weight babies and other complications during pregnancy.
The benefits of addressing secondhand smoke exposure are substantial. Implementing smoke-free policies in public spaces can greatly reduce the incidence of secondhand smoke exposure, leading to healthier communities. Additionally, investing in air purification systems can significantly minimize indoor air pollutants, making environments safer for non-smokers, particularly for those with respiratory issues. Air purifiers equipped with HEPA filters and activated carbon can effectively capture smoke particles and volatile organic compounds, enhancing indoor air quality.
Best practices in combating secondhand smoke exposure include encouraging smoke-free homes, using air purifiers, and promoting public awareness about the dangers of secondhand smoke. Homeowners can effectively reduce indoor air pollution by choosing the best air purifier for secondhand smoke, as these devices are specifically designed to filter out harmful substances found in tobacco smoke, thus creating a healthier living environment for all occupants.
How Do Air Purifiers Reduce Second Hand Smoke Exposure?
Ionic Purifiers: Ionic purifiers generate negatively charged ions that attract and bind with smoke particles, leading to their aggregation and subsequent settling out of the air. This method can effectively reduce airborne smoke levels, although it may not eliminate all harmful components since some particles can remain suspended.
Fan and Airflow Design: The design of the fan and airflow system in an air purifier is essential for its performance. A well-engineered airflow system ensures that the air passes through the filters efficiently, maximizing the capture of smoke particles and improving air turnover rates in a room, which is vital for effective smoke reduction.
What Key Features Should You Consider When Choosing an Air Purifier for Second Hand Smoke?
When selecting the best air purifier for second hand smoke, it’s essential to consider several key features to ensure effective smoke removal and air quality improvement.
- HEPA Filter: High-Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filters are crucial for trapping small particles, including smoke and other allergens. They can capture up to 99.97% of particles as small as 0.3 microns, making them highly effective against cigarette smoke particles.
- Activated Carbon Filter: An activated carbon filter is vital for absorbing odors and gases, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by second hand smoke. This feature enhances the air purifier’s ability to neutralize the unpleasant smell associated with tobacco.
- CADR Rating: The Clean Air Delivery Rate (CADR) indicates the air purifier’s efficiency in filtering out specific pollutants, such as smoke, dust, and pollen. A higher CADR rating specifically for smoke means the purifier can clear the air of tobacco particles more quickly and effectively.
- Room Size Coverage: It’s important to choose an air purifier that matches the size of the room where it will be used. Each model is rated for a specific area, and selecting one that can adequately cover the space ensures maximum efficiency in smoke removal.
- Noise Level: Air purifiers can vary in noise output, which is an important consideration, especially for use in bedrooms or quiet spaces. Look for models that operate quietly or have a ‘sleep mode’ feature to minimize disturbances while still cleaning the air.
- Energy Efficiency: Since air purifiers may need to run continuously to be effective, energy efficiency is an important factor to consider. Look for units that are ENERGY STAR certified to ensure lower electricity consumption without compromising performance.
- Maintenance and Filter Replacement: Consider how easy it is to maintain the unit and replace filters. Regular maintenance is necessary for optimal performance, so choose a model that provides clear guidelines on filter replacement frequency and availability of replacement filters.
- Additional Features: Some air purifiers come with extra functionalities like smart technology, air quality sensors, or multiple fan speeds. These features can enhance usability and improve the device’s effectiveness in adapting to varying levels of air pollution.
Which Filter Types Offer the Most Effective Smoke Removal?
The most effective filter types for removing secondhand smoke include:
- HEPA Filters: High-Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filters are designed to capture at least 99.97% of particles that are 0.3 microns in size, making them highly effective at trapping smoke particles.
- Activated Carbon Filters: These filters are able to absorb and neutralize odors and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) found in smoke, significantly improving indoor air quality.
- UV-C Light Filters: Ultraviolet light filters help to kill bacteria and viruses that may be present in smoke, providing an additional layer of purification.
- Pre-Filters: Often used in combination with other filters, pre-filters can capture larger particles, extending the life of the HEPA and activated carbon filters by preventing them from becoming clogged too quickly.
HEPA filters work by using a dense mat of fibers that trap harmful particles, including those found in secondhand smoke, making them essential for air purifiers aimed at improving respiratory health.
Activated carbon filters contain millions of tiny pores that absorb smoke odors and harmful gases, ensuring that the air not only feels cleaner but also smells fresher, which is crucial for spaces with high levels of smoke exposure.
UV-C light filters utilize ultraviolet light to sterilize particles that may evade traditional filtration methods, effectively reducing the presence of harmful microorganisms that can accompany smoke.
Pre-filters play a supportive role by removing larger particles like dust and pet hair, which allows the more specialized filters to work more efficiently and helps prolong their lifespan, making them a practical addition to any air purification system targeting smoke removal.
What Role Does Air Flow Rate Play in Smoke Filtration?
Air flow rate is a crucial factor in the effectiveness of smoke filtration in air purifiers.
- Filtration Efficiency: The air flow rate determines how quickly air passes through the filter, impacting the amount of smoke particles captured. A higher flow rate typically allows for more air to be processed and filtered, leading to better removal of harmful substances found in secondhand smoke.
- CADR Rating: The Clean Air Delivery Rate (CADR) is a measure that combines the air flow rate with the filter’s efficiency for specific pollutants. An air purifier with a higher CADR rating for smoke indicates that it can deliver cleaner air more rapidly, making it more effective for environments where secondhand smoke is prevalent.
- Room Size Compatibility: The air flow rate should be matched to the size of the room to ensure optimal performance. An air purifier with a low flow rate may struggle to filter smoke in larger spaces, while one with a high flow rate will be able to maintain air quality effectively throughout the room.
- Noise Levels: Higher air flow rates can sometimes lead to increased noise levels from the air purifier. Users seeking the best air purifier for secondhand smoke must consider how much noise they are willing to tolerate, as this can impact overall satisfaction and usability in a home environment.
- Energy Efficiency: Air flow rate also influences the energy consumption of an air purifier. A balance must be struck between sufficient air flow for effective filtration and the energy use associated with maintaining that flow, particularly for long-term use in smoke-filled environments.
What Are the Top Air Purifier Models for Tackling Second Hand Smoke?
The best air purifiers for tackling secondhand smoke are equipped with advanced filtration systems to effectively remove harmful particles and odors.
- Dyson Pure Cool TP01: This model combines a HEPA filter with a powerful fan to circulate purified air throughout the room.
- Rabbit Air MinusA2: Known for its customizable filters, it can be tailored to target smoke and other specific pollutants.
- Honeywell HPA300: This air purifier features a true HEPA filter that captures up to 99.97% of airborne particles, making it effective against smoke.
- Levoit Core 300: Compact yet powerful, this model uses a three-stage filtration system to eliminate smoke and odors efficiently.
- Blueair Blue Pure 211+: With its unique design and high air flow, this air purifier is excellent for large spaces and effectively reduces smoke particles.
The Dyson Pure Cool TP01 not only features a HEPA filter that captures fine particles, but it also includes activated carbon to absorb unpleasant odors, making it ideal for environments affected by secondhand smoke. Its ability to function as both an air purifier and a fan adds versatility for year-round use.
The Rabbit Air MinusA2 stands out for its customizable filter options, allowing users to select a specific filter designed to target smoke. This highly efficient purifier also boasts a sleek design that can be mounted on the wall or placed on a tabletop, making it an attractive addition to any room.
The Honeywell HPA300 is designed for larger spaces and uses a true HEPA filter to effectively trap smoke particles, dust, and allergens. Its high Clean Air Delivery Rate (CADR) ensures that it can quickly purify the air in a room up to 465 square feet.
The Levoit Core 300 is a compact air purifier that utilizes a three-stage filtration system, including a HEPA filter and activated carbon filter, specifically engineered to eliminate smoke odors and particles. Its quiet operation makes it suitable for use in bedrooms or offices.
The Blueair Blue Pure 211+ is particularly effective in larger areas due to its high airflow capacity and multi-stage filtration system that captures smoke and other contaminants. Its stylish design and range of color options make it a popular choice for users looking to enhance their home decor while improving air quality.
What Are the Pros and Cons of Each Recommended Model?
| Model | Pros | Cons | Specifications | Noise Level (dB) | Warranty | Recommendations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model A | Effective at removing smoke particles, quiet operation. | Higher price point, filter replacements can be costly. | CADR: 250 m³/h, Coverage: up to 500 sq ft | 25 dB | 2 years | Best for medium to large rooms with frequent smoking. |
| Model B | Energy efficient, compact design for small spaces. | Less effective in larger rooms, limited filter lifespan. | CADR: 150 m³/h, Coverage: up to 300 sq ft | 30 dB | 1 year | Ideal for small rooms or occasional smoking. |
| Model C | Comprehensive filtration system, includes HEPA and activated carbon. | Bulky size, more expensive to maintain. | CADR: 300 m³/h, Coverage: up to 700 sq ft | 35 dB | 3 years | Great for large spaces with heavy smoke exposure. |
How Can You Ensure Your Air Purifier Functions Optimally Against Second Hand Smoke?
To ensure your air purifier functions optimally against secondhand smoke, consider the following factors:
- HEPA Filters: High-Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filters are essential as they can capture 99.97% of particles that are 0.3 microns in size, including smoke particles.
- Activated Carbon Filters: These filters are crucial for removing odors and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) associated with secondhand smoke, effectively neutralizing the smell.
- Air Changes Per Hour (ACH): Look for purifiers with a high ACH rating, which indicates how many times the air in a room is cycled through the purifier in one hour, ensuring thorough purification.
- Room Size Compatibility: Choose an air purifier that is appropriate for the size of the room where it will be used to maximize its effectiveness in reducing smoke particles.
- Noise Level: Consider the noise level of the air purifier, especially if it will be used in living areas or bedrooms, as quieter models can be more suitable for continuous operation.
HEPA filters are a must-have feature in the best air purifiers for secondhand smoke because they can effectively trap small particles that other filters might miss. This capability is crucial since smoke contains tiny particulate matter that can affect health and air quality.
Activated carbon filters work by adsorbing gases and odors, which is particularly important when dealing with the lingering smell of smoke. These filters enhance the air purifier’s ability to create a fresher environment by neutralizing unpleasant odors that accompany secondhand smoke.
The Air Changes Per Hour (ACH) rating is an important specification that indicates the efficiency of the air purifier. A higher ACH means that the device can filter the air more times in an hour, leading to quicker and more effective removal of smoke particles from the indoor environment.
Ensuring that the air purifier is compatible with the room size is crucial for its optimal performance. An undersized purifier may struggle to clean the air effectively, while an oversized unit may not operate efficiently, thus choosing the right size is vital for achieving the best results.
The noise level of the air purifier can influence your comfort, particularly in shared spaces or bedrooms. Selecting a model that operates quietly can help maintain a peaceful environment while ensuring that the air remains clean from smoke and other pollutants.
What Maintenance Steps Should You Follow for Your Air Purifier?
To ensure optimal performance of your air purifier, especially for dealing with secondhand smoke, follow these essential maintenance steps:
- Regular Filter Replacement: The most crucial maintenance step is to replace the filters according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. Filters, particularly HEPA and activated carbon filters, can become clogged with particles and odors, significantly reducing the purifier’s efficiency in removing smoke and other pollutants.
- Cleaning the Pre-Filters: Many air purifiers come with pre-filters that capture larger particles before they reach the main filter. Cleaning these pre-filters regularly can help extend the life of your HEPA filter and maintain air quality, as they can easily accumulate dust and debris.
- Checking and Cleaning Sensors: Some advanced air purifiers are equipped with air quality sensors that monitor the level of pollutants in the air. Keeping these sensors clean and free of obstructions ensures that the purifier can accurately assess air quality and adjust its settings accordingly.
- Inspecting the Unit for Damage: Periodically inspect your air purifier for any signs of wear or damage, such as frayed cords or cracks in the casing. Addressing any damage quickly can prevent further issues and enhance the longevity of the unit.
- Maintaining Proper Placement: Ensure that your air purifier is placed in an optimal location for airflow, away from walls or furniture that may block air circulation. Proper placement enhances its ability to filter smoke and improve overall air quality in the room.
- Wiping Down the Exterior: Dust and grime can accumulate on the exterior of the air purifier, which may reduce its efficiency over time. Regularly wiping down the unit with a damp cloth helps maintain its appearance and prevents dust from being reintroduced into the air.